ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lipid sources on voluntary intake, digestibility, performance, and CH4 emission of Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés forage in the dry season. Forty-five Nellore steers with average weight of 442±34 kg were alloted into one of the five treatments: without additional fat; with palm oil; with linseed oil; with protected fat; and with whole soybeans. The supplements were provided daily and quantities were adjusted to 1% of body weight and diets were formulated in accordance with the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and two replications. There were no effects on dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber intake with the inclusion of lipids in the diet. The neutral detergent fiber showed decreased digestibility in animals receiving linseed oil and palm oil treatments compared with animals receiving the diet without additional fat. The linseed oil treatment reduced CH4 emissions by 38% when expressed in mg/d/kg BW and tended to reduce the emission in g/d/kg BW0.75. Lipid sources did not affect the weight gain of the animals. The intake and performance of grazing Nellore steers supplemented at 1% body weight with lipid sources were not modified. However, fiber digestibility was reduced with palm or linseed oil addition. Linseed oil reduced enteric CH4 emissions. Linseed oil has the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in continuous tropical grazing systems based on B. brizantha grass.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different nitrogenous compounds on the activities of carboxymethil cellulase (CMCase) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). In the first experiment, four treatments were evaluated in vitro: cellulose, cellulose with casein, cellulose with urea, and cellulose with casamino acids. After 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation, CMCase and GDH activity, pH, and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (AN) and microbial protein were measured. In the three incubation periods, the concentration of AN was higher when urea was used as a supplemental source of nitrogen. The activity of CMCase was higher with the addition of urea and casamino acids when compared with the control and the casein treatment. Supplementation with casamino acids provided higher GDH activity when compared with the control at 6 hours of incubation. At 12 hours of incubation, the GHD activity was also stimulated by casein. At 24 hours, there was no difference in GHD activity among treatments. In the second experiment, three rumen-fistulated bulls were used for in situ evaluation. Animals were fed Tifton hay (Cynodon sp.) ad libitum. The treatments consisted of control (no supplementation), supplementation with non-protein nitrogenous compounds (urea and ammonium sulphate, 9:1) and supplementation with protein (albumin). In treatments with nitrogenous compound supplementation, 1 g of crude protein/kg of body weight was supplied. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The measurements were performed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after supplementation. No difference in GDH activity was observed among treatments. The control treatment showed higher CMCase activity when compared with the treatments containing supplemental sources of nitrogen. However, urea supplementation provided higher CMCase activity compared to albumin.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes formas químicas de compostos nitrogenados (proteicos e não-proteicos) e de carboidratos (amiláceos e fibra solúvel) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e a síntese ruminal de proteína microbiana em bovinos sob suplementação durante o período das águas. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 211 ± 35 kg, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso. Os tratamentos foram: controle (somente pasto); e suplementos formulados à base de milho + farelo de soja; milho + ureia; polpa cítrica + farelo de soja; e polpa cítrica + ureia. Os suplementos foram balanceados para apresentar 30% de proteína bruta (PB), com base na matéria seca (MS), e fornecidos na quantidade de 3 g/kg PV. O experimento foi conduzido segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, composto de duas fontes de compostos nitrogenados, duas fontes de carboidratos e tratamento controle. O consumo de pasto reduziu com o fornecimento de suplementos, com coeficiente médio de substituição de 2,11 g de MS de pasto/g de MS de suplemento. A suplementação não alterou os coeficientes de digestibilidade total e ruminação da MS nem o teor dietético de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os animais sob suplementação apresentaram maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade total e ruminal da proteína bruta. A eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana (EFSM), média de 123,1 g PB microbiana/kg de NDT, não foi alterada pela suplementação. Contudo, os animais sob suplementação com milho apresentaram maior EFSM em comparação aos animais sob suplementação com polpa cítrica (137,6 e 106,1 g PB microbiana/kg de NDT, respectivamente). A suplementação proteico-energética para bovinos mantidos em pastos tropicais durante o período das águas não causa benefícios nutricionais, o que reflete o alto coeficiente de substituição da forragem pelo suplemento.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different chemical forms of nitrogenous compounds (protein and non-protein) and carbohydrates (starch and soluble fiber) on intake, digestibility, and ruminal synthesis of microbial protein in cattle supplemented during rainy season. It was used five crossbred Holstein × Zebu steers, with average initial body weight of 211 ± 35 kg and fistulated in the rumen and abomasum. The treatments were: control (only pasture), and supplements based on corn + soybean meal; corn + urea, citrus pulp + soybean meal, and citrus pulp + urea. The supplements were balanced to present 30% of crude protein (CP), on dry matter (DM) basis, and provided at 3 g/kg BW. The experiment was carried out according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, composed of two sources of nitrogenous compounds, two sources of carbohydrates and a control treatment. Pasture intake was reduced when supplements were fed to animals, with average substitution coefficient of 2.11 g of DM of pasture/g of DM of supplement. Supplementation did not alter the total and ruminal digestibility coefficients of DM and the dietary content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) neither. Supplemented animals presented higher ruminal and total digestibility coefficients of CP than non-supplemented animals. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS), average of 123.1g of microbial CP/kg, was not changed by supplementation. However, animals supplemented with corn presented higher EMPS in comparison to animals supplemented with citrus pulp (137.6 and 106.1 g microbial CP/kg of TDN, respectively). Protein-energy supplementation for cattle grazing in tropical pastures during rainy season does not cause nutritional benefits, which reflects the high coefficient of substitution of forage by the supplement.

Avaliaram-se os consumos e as digestibilidades total e parcial de alguns componentes nutritivos em novilhos Holandeses x Zebu alimentados com dietas formuladas com quatro níveis de PB (9, 11, 13 e 15%) na MS. Foram utilizados quatro animais fistulados no rúmen e no abomaso, castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 343,5 kg, distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4 x 4, com quatro animais e quatro períodos. Cada período experimental teve duração de 18 dias (os dez primeiros destinados à adaptação). Os consumos de MS, MO, FDN e NDT não foram influenciados pelos níveis de PB, mas os de PB e EE aumentaram linearmente e os de CNF reduziram com o incremento de PB das dietas. A digestibilidade aparente total de PB aumentou linearmente com o nível de PB das dietas. As digestibilidades ruminal e intestinal dos componentes nutritivos não foram afetadas pelos níveis de PB das dietas, exceto a digestibilidade intestinal da FDN, que aumentou 2,66 unidades percentuais para cada unidade de aumento de PB da dieta. A utilização de níveis de PB de 9 a 15% da MS na dieta de bovinos mestiços Holandês x Zebu em fase de crescimento aumentou os consumos de PB e de EE e a digestibilidade total aparente da PB.

The intakes and apparent total tract and partial digestibility of nutrients in Holstein x Zebu steers fed diets formulated with four dietary CP levels (9,11,13, and 15%), in DM basis were evaluated. Four rumen and abomasum cannulated castrated animals, averaging initial weight of 343.5 kg, were allotted to a 4 x 4 Latin square design, with four animal and four periods. Each experimental period lasted 18 days (first 10 for adaptation period). The dietary CP levels did not affect the intakes of DM, OM, NDF and TDN, while the CP and EE intakes increased and NFC intake decreased, with the increment of dietary CP. The total apparent digestibility of CP linearly increased with the CP levels of the diets. The intestinal and ruminal digestibilities of the nutritive components were not affected by the CP levels of the diets, except for the NDF intestinal digestibility, that increased 2.66 units per each percent increase of CP in the diet. The CP levels ranging from 9 to 15% of DM in the diet of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers in the growing phase increased the intakes of CP and EE as well as the total apparent digestibility CP.

Foram avaliados o consumo e a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes, a taxa de passagem, o ganho de peso, o rendimento de carcaça e a conversão alimentar de bovinos de corte recebendo dietas com quatro níveis de PB (9, 11, 13 e 15% na MS), formuladas com silagem de milho como volumoso e fornecidas na relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos zebuínos não-castrados (peso médio inicial de 381,6 kg), distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. O período experimental foi de 84 dias, dividido em três períodos de 28 dias, após 15 dias de adaptação. A produção de fezes foi estimada utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi), após incubação in situ por 144 horas. Os consumos de MS, MO, FDN, CNF e NDT e a taxa de passagem (Kp) estimada não foram influenciados pelos níveis crescentes de PB das dietas. Os consumos de PB e EE aumentaram linearmente com a elevação dos níveis de PB das dietas. As digestibilidades totais de MS, MO, EE e FDN não foram afetadas pelas dietas, mas a da PB aumentou linearmente com os níveis de PB das dietas. Os ganhos médios diários (GMD) e a conversão alimentar (CA) apresentaram resposta quadrática aos níveis crescentes de PB, que, no entanto, não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça (RC). Dietas com 12% de PB atendem às exigências de PB e PDR de novilhos zebuínos em fase de terminação com menores custos de produção.

The objective of this trial was to investigate intake, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, passage rate, average daily gain, carcass yield, and feed conversion in beef cattle fed diets containing four levels of CP (9, 11, 13 and 15%) and forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Twenty-four young Zebu bulls were assigned to a completely randomized block design with four treatments and six replications. The experiment lasted 84 days with 15 days for diet adaptation and three periods of 28 days for data and sample collection. Indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF; ADF remaining after 144 hours of in situ incubation) was used to estimate fecal output. Intakes of DM, OM, NDF, NFC and TDN and estimated passage rate (Kp) all were not affected by the increasing levels of CP in the diet. Conversely, intakes of both CP and EE increased linearly when the dietary CP level varied from 9 to 15%. No significant differences among treatments were observed for the apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, EE, and NDF. However, digestibility of CP increased linearly with the incremental levels of CP in the diet. Significant quadratic effects were observed for the average daily body weight gain and feed conversion by increasing dietary CP but no diet effect was found for carcass yield. It can be concluded that diets with 12% of CP supplied the requirements of CP and RDP of finishing young Zebu bulls with the lowest production cost.